A Short History of Blood Banking

血库简史

The field of blood banking began in 1616 when William Harvey discovered that blood circulated through the body. In 1665, a transfusion of blood from a lamb was used to save the life of a young patient, and animal-to-human transfusion became common. However, due to the high mortality rate associated with such transfusions, the method fell out of practice until the early 1800s, when various experiments were conducted to perfect this technique. In 1901, a breakthrough was reached when Karl Landsteiner described human blood groups. Landsteiner’s work as continued and expanded in the next decade and, in 1914, sodium citrate was discovered to be an effective anti-coagulant so that blood could be preserved. It was no longer necessary for donor and recipient to be in proximity during the transfusion.

血库领域始于1616年，当时威廉·哈维发现血液在体内循环。1665年，一只羔羊的输血被用来挽救一个年轻病人的生命，动物对人的输血变得很普遍。然而，由于与这种输血相关的高死亡率，这种方法直到19世纪初才付诸实践，当时进行了各种实验来完善这项技术。1901年，卡尔·兰德施泰纳（karllandsteiner）描述人类血型时取得了突破。Landsteiner的研究在接下来的十年中继续和扩展，1914年，柠檬酸钠被发现是一种有效的抗凝剂，可以保存血液。在输血过程中，捐献者和接受者不再需要靠近。

As early as World War I, blood transfusions were being used to save lives in the battlefield. Blood was drawn from healthy servicemen and administered to the wounded. After the war, experiments on stored blood were conducted in Russia by a Soviet scientist, S.S. Yudin, who performed experiments with cadaver blood. These experiments attracted the interest of Bernard Fantus, MD, director of Therapeutics at the Cook County Hospital, Chicago, IL.

早在第一次世界大战时，输血就被用于战场救人。从健康的军人身上抽血给伤员服用。战后，苏联科学家S.S.尤丁（S.S.Yudin）在俄罗斯对储存的血液进行了实验，他用尸体血液进行了实验。这些实验引起了Bernard Fantus医学博士的兴趣，他是伊利诺伊州芝加哥库克县医院的治疗学主任。

Fantus was sure that the collection and storage of human blood for future patient use was possible in a hospital setting. He proposed to administrators of the hospital his idea of establishing a blood collection and storage service. Eventually, through the efforts of Fantus and his colleagues, a grant was procured from a local businessman and the Cook County Hospital Blood Preservation Laboratory was opened in 1937. In its first year of operation, the hospital averaged about 70 transfusions a month.

范图斯确信，在医院里收集和储存人类血液以备将来病人使用是可能的。他向医院管理人员提出了建立血液采集和储存服务的想法。最终，通过范图斯和他的同事们的努力，从当地一位商人那里获得了一笔赠款，库克县医院血液保存实验室于1937年开业。在运营的第一年，这家医院平均每月输血约70次。